UK Tax Rates 2024/25
Last reviewed: April 2024
Income tax bands, National Insurance thresholds, student loan repayment rates and self-employment contributions for the 2024/25 tax year. All figures are sourced from HMRC.
About the 2024/25 tax year
The UK tax year runs from 6 April 2024 to 5 April 2025. The personal allowance — the amount you can earn before paying income tax — is £12,570 for 2024/25, unchanged from the previous year as the government has maintained the freeze on income tax thresholds first introduced in 2021.
In England and Wales, income above the personal allowance is taxed at 20% (basic rate), 40% (higher rate) and 45% (additional rate). Scotland has a different structure with six bands — see our Scotland vs England comparison for a full breakdown.
Self-employed people pay Class 4 National Insurance at 9% on profits between £12,570 and £50,270, and 2% above that. Class 2 NICs apply on profits above the small profits threshold of £6,725.
Income tax bands — England & Wales
| Band | Rate | Threshold |
|---|---|---|
| Tax-free (personal allowance) | 0% | Up to £12,570 |
| basic_rate | 20% | £12,571 – £50,270 |
| higher_rate | 40% | £50,271 – £125,140 |
| additional_rate | 45% | £125,141 – £125,140 |
Income tax bands — Scotland
| Band | Rate | Threshold |
|---|---|---|
| Personal allowance | 0% | Up to £12,570 |
| starter_rate | 19% | £12,571 – £14,876 |
| basic_rate | 20% | £14,877 – £26,561 |
| intermediate_rate | 21% | £26,562 – £43,662 |
| higher_rate | 42% | £43,663 – £75,000 |
| advanced_rate | 45% | £75,001 – £125,140 |
| top_rate | 48% | £125,141 – £125,140 |
National Insurance (Category A employee)
| Rate | Earnings threshold |
|---|---|
| 8% | £12,570 – £50,270/yr |
| 2% | Above £50,270/yr |
| 13.8% employer | On earnings above £9,100/yr |
Student loans
| Plan | Threshold | Rate |
|---|---|---|
| Plan 1 | £24,990/yr | 9% |
| Plan 2 | £27,295/yr | 9% |
| Plan 4 | £31,395/yr | 9% |
| Plan 5 | £25,000/yr | 9% |
| Postgraduate Loan | £21,000/yr | 6% |
| Scottish postgraduate | £21,000/yr | 6% |
Worked example: £35,000 salary in 2024/25
Here is how a standard employment income of £35,000 is calculated for a single earner in England with no pension contributions or student loan, using 2024/25 rates.
| Gross annual salary | £35,000 |
| Personal allowance (tax-free) | −£12,570 |
| Taxable income | £22,430 |
| Income tax deducted | −£4,486 |
| Employee NI deducted | −£1,794 |
| Estimated take-home pay | £28,720/yr |
| Monthly take-home | £2,393/mo |
Estimate only. Use our salary calculator for pension contributions, student loans, Scottish rates and a full monthly breakdown.
Self-employment rates 2024/25
Class 2 NI
£3.45/week
Paid if profits exceed £6,725/yr
Class 4 NI
9% / 2%
9% on £12,570–£50,270 profit; 2% above that
Frequently asked questions
When does the 2024/25 tax year start and end?
The 2024/25 tax year runs from 6 April 2024 to 5 April 2025. All UK tax years follow this April to April cycle, which dates back to the switch from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in 1752.
What is the personal allowance and who gets it?
The personal allowance for 2024/25 is £12,570. This is the amount you can earn before paying any income tax. Most UK residents get the full allowance automatically through their PAYE tax code. The allowance tapers to zero for incomes above £100,000 — reducing by £1 for every £2 earned above that threshold.
How is income tax calculated in England for this tax year?
In England and Wales for 2024/25, income above the £12,570 personal allowance is taxed in bands: 20% on income from £12,571 to £50,270; 40% on income from £50,271 to £125,140; 45% on income from £125,141 to £125,140. Income above £125,140 is taxed at 45% and the personal allowance is fully withdrawn.
What are the National Insurance thresholds for this tax year?
For 2024/25, employees pay National Insurance at 8% on earnings between £12,570 and £50,270 per year, and 2% on earnings above the upper earnings limit. Employers pay 13.8% on employee earnings above £9,100 per year.
Sources
Calculate your exact take-home pay
Our salary calculator uses live 2024/25 rates including pension, student loan, and Scottish tax.
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